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Aberrant lymphocyte homing could potentially link inflammatory processes in the intestine and the liver, as distinct hepatobiliary diseases frequently develop as extra-intestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we examined the role of the gut-tropic leukocyte adhesion molecule β7 integrin and its endothelial ligand mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in immune-mediated hepatitis in mice.
Methods
Wild-type (WT) mice, MAdCAM-1-deficient mice, β7 integrin-deficient mice, RAG-2–deficient mice, RAG-2/MAdCAM-1 double-deficient mice, and RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient mice were subjected to concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis. The degree of hepatitis was evaluated by histology, flow cytometry, and expression analysis of inflammatory mediators. The motility of lymphocytes in progressive liver damage was assessed by intravital laser scanning multiphoton microscopy.
Results
Ablation of MAdCAM-1 or β7 integrin ameliorated ConA-induced hepatitis in mice. β7 integrin-deficient lymphocytes caused less liver damage than WT lymphocytes in ConA-treated RAG-2–deficient mice. Moreover, WT lymphocytes caused less liver damage in ConA-treated RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient mice than in similarly treated RAG-2–deficient mice, indicating that β7 integrin expression contributes significantly to the liver damage mediated by innate immune cells. MAdCAM-1 expression was dependent on β7 integrin expression on adaptive and innate immune cells. Most importantly, lymphocytes in ConA-treated MAdCAM-1-deficient mice displayed more motility and less adhesion in the liver sinusoids in vivo, than lymphocytes in similarly treated WT mice.
Conclusions
These data suggest that β7 integrin expression on lymphocytes and innate immune cells contributes to MAdCAM-1 upregulation and liver damage in acute immune-mediated hepatitis, most likely by facilitating lymphocyte/sinusoidal endothelial cell interactions.
Mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1)–deficient mice show decreased susceptibility to concanavalin A (ConA)–induced hepatitis. ConA causes reduced motility and increased adhesion of lymphocytes in liver sinusoids, which depends on MAdCAM-1. β7 integrin expression contributes to MAdCAM-1 upregulation and liver damage.
The concanavalin A (ConA) model is an established mouse model for the study of pathogenic mechanisms of acute immune-mediated liver injury, with features resembling viral and autoimmune hepatitis.
Intravenous injection of ConA induces massive hepatocyte necrosis and marked infiltration of lymphocytes into the liver and is accompanied by dramatic changes in the intrahepatic expression of proinflammatory genes such as Tnf-α, Ifn-γ, Il-2, Il-4, and Il-6.
Lymphocyte adhesion and transmigration through the endothelial cell barrier into tissue is an important feature of the response of effector cells to inflammatory conditions, a multistep process regulated by chemokines and adhesion molecules.
Owing to the crucial role of adhesion molecules in inflammation, a number of studies have been conducted to evaluate their role in ConA-induced hepatitis. L-selectin, or ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) were shown to contribute cooperatively to ConA-induced hepatitis by regulating the influx of CD4+ cells.
Sublobular veins as the main site of lymphocyte adhesion/transmigration and adhesion molecule expression in the porto-sinusoidal-hepatic venous system during concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice.
However, the contributions of β7 integrin and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) to the pathogenesis of ConA-mediated hepatitis have not yet been investigated.
The lymphocyte adhesion molecule β7 integrin forms heterodimers with either the α4 or the αE (CD103) subunit. α4β7 integrin is expressed on activated gut-homing CD4+ T-cells, NK cells, activated monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and dendritic cells (DCs).
It directs the migration of lymphocytes into the small intestine and into the mesenteric lymph nodes, mainly via interaction with its endothelial ligand MAdCAM-1.
Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) expression is upregulated in the cirrhotic liver and immunolocalises to the peribiliary plexus and lymphoid aggregates.
Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) expression is upregulated in the cirrhotic liver and immunolocalises to the peribiliary plexus and lymphoid aggregates.
A thorough analysis of immune cell migration pathways that could be targeted therapeutically in different liver diseases would therefore seem worthwhile.
Recently, we have shown that MAdCAM-1 deficiency ameliorates experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis while β7 integrin deficiency worsens the outcome in mice.
Utilizing the ConA model, we compared wild-type (WT) with adhesion molecule-deficient mice (β7 integrin–deficient mice, MAdCAM-1–deficient mice) and RAG-2 (recombination activating gene-2)–deficient with RAG-2/adhesion molecule double-deficient mice (RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient mice, RAG-2/MAdCAM-1 double-deficient mice) after reconstitution with different immune cells, and were thereby able to highlight the critical role of MAdCAM-1 and α4β7 integrin in the pathogenesis of acute immune-mediated hepatitis.
Results
MAdCAM-1– and β7 Integrin-Deficient Mice Are Protected From ConA-Mediated Liver Injury
To determine the role of α4β7 integrin/MAdCAM-1 interactions in the development of acute hepatitis, β7 integrin–deficient (β7 Δ/Δ), MAdCAM-1–deficient (MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ), and WT mice were subjected to intravenous ConA injection. Eight hours following ConA administration, the plasma levels of both alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were found to be markedly increased in WT mice. In contrast, β7 integrin–deficient mice exhibited a 5-fold reduction in aminotransferase levels, while in MAdCAM-1–deficient mice, an up to 10-fold reduction was observed (Figure 1A and data not shown). After 20 hours of ConA challenge, liver aminotransferase levels were still markedly reduced in mutant mice compared with WT mice, although the attenuation effect was less pronounced in the β7 integrin–deficient mice (Figure 1A). Without treatment, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained liver sections from WT and mutant mice appeared histologically identical. After 8 hours of ConA administration, only slight degenerative changes and necrosis were observed and although mutant mice exhibited a trend toward decreased necrosis, compared with WT mice, no significant difference was found. In contrast, large bridging necrotic areas were clearly distinguishable from the surrounding hepatic parenchyma in WT livers 20 hours after ConA challenge, whereas the percentage of necrotic lesions in β7 integrin–deficient mice was significantly reduced, and livers of MAdCAM-1–deficient mice had an almost normal histological appearance (Figure 1B and C).
Figure 1ConA-induced liver damage is ameliorated in MAdCAM-1–deficient and β7 integrin–deficient mice. Plasma and liver specimens were sampled at 8, 20, or 48 hours after ConA administration. The data shown are representative of 3 independent experiments. Data represent mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was calculated in panels A, C, E, F, and G by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test (∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001). WT (black bars), β7 integrin Δ/Δ (white bars), and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice (gray bars). (A) Quantification of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). WT (n = 9–10), β7 integrin Δ/Δ (n = 5–11), and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice (n = 7–10). (B) Representative photomicrographs of H&E-stained liver sections with marked necrotic areas (original magnification ×10; scale bar = 100 μm) and (C) quantification of necrotic area fraction. WT (n = 4), β7 integrin Δ/Δ (n = 4–5), and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice (n = 3–4). (D) Representative photomicrographs (original magnification ×10; scale bar = 100 μm) and (E) quantification of bright green apoptotic cells as detected by TUNEL assay 8 or 20 hours post–ConA injection. WT (n = 9–12), β7 integrin Δ/Δ (n = 7–10), and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice (n = 10), and untreated control mice (n = 9 each). (F) Quantification of serum ALT. (WT: n = 7–9, MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ: n = 9–10). (G) Quantification of apoptotic cells as detected by TUNEL assay on liver sections. WT: n = 3–7, MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ: n = 4–10.
Staining of liver sections by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) confirmed extensive hepatocyte apoptosis in WT mice, 8 hours after ConA injection, whereas mutant mice were significantly less affected (Figure 1D and E). Twenty hours after challenge, not only WT, but also β7 integrin–deficient mice exhibited massive liver cell apoptosis, whereas apoptosis was almost absent in MAdCAM-1–deficient mice (Figure 1D and E).
To further substantiate that the observed effects caused by MAdCAM-1 deficiency constitute an amelioration and not just a delay in injury formation, we evaluated liver pathogenesis in WT and MAdCAM-1–deficient mice 48 hours after ConA treatment. Also, at this time point we see a succinct difference in liver damage as estimated by TUNEL staining. WT mice still exhibit more liver cell apoptosis than MAdCAM-1–deficient mice. In contrast, alanine aminotranasferase levels have already greatly declined and differences between WT and MAdCAM-1–deficient mice are no longer significant (Figure 1F and G), suggesting that acute inflammation in both mouse strains has already entered the resolution stage.
ConA-mediated liver necrosis is reportedly accompanied by thrombocytopenia and intrahepatic hemostasis, which contribute to liver injury.
At 8 and 20 hours after ConA injection, we observed prominent blood clotting in the sinusoids of WT mice, which was significantly less pronounced in β7 integrin–deficient and in MAdCAM-1–deficient mice (Figure 2A and B). Tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) contribute to ConA-induced hepatic thrombosis.
Interestingly, decreased coagulation in the livers of ConA-treated MAdCAM-1–deficient or β7 integrin–deficient mice was paralleled by a reduction in the expression levels of PAI-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in liver tissue homogenates (Figure 3A) and a trend toward decreased TF mRNA levels (Figure 3B) 8 hours after ConA administration. These results were confirmed at protein level by immunofluorescence stainings, in which ConA-treated mice lacking MAdCAM-1 or β7 integrin showed reduced staining for PAI-1 and TF (Figure 3A and B). These findings were accompanied by a significantly reduced intrahepatic platelet accumulation in mutant mice, as demonstrated by staining for CD41 (Figure 3C).
Figure 2MAdCAM-1– and β7 integrin–deficient mice display reduced clotting following ConA treatment. Plasma and liver specimens were sampled at 8 or 20 hours after ConA administration. (A) Representative photomicrographs of H&E-stained liver sections at original magnification ×20. Scale bar = 100 μm. Prominent hemostasis marked by black arrowheads is seen in the sinusoids. (B) Quantification of clotting in H&E-stained liver sections shown as percentage of the section area (n ≥ 6 mice per group). Data represent mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was calculated in by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test (∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01). WT (black bars), β7 integrin Δ/Δ (white bars), and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice (gray bars).
Figure 3MAdCAM-1– and β7 integrin–deficient mice display reduced parameters of hemostasis following ConA treatment. Representative pictures of cryostat sections from WT livers 8 hours after ConA administration, which have been stained with (A) anti-PAI-1 antibody (green), anti-CD146 antibody (red), and DAPI (blue); (B) anti-TF antibody (red), β-catenin (green), and DAPI (blue); or (C) anti-CD41 (red), β-catenin (green), and DAPI (blue) and quantification as percentage of the fluorescently stained section area (n = 5 mice per group). Representative photomicrographs at original magnification ×40. Scale bar = 100 μm. (A) mRNA levels of Pai-1 (WT [n = 7], β7 integrin Δ/Δ [n = 5], MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice [n = 4]), and (B) Tf (WT [n = 7], β7 integrin Δ/Δ [n = 4], MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice [n = 3]) in liver tissue at 8 hours post–ConA injection. Values are expressed as fold increase over the mean values obtained for healthy control liver tissue from the respective mouse strain. Data show mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001.
Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) expression is upregulated in the cirrhotic liver and immunolocalises to the peribiliary plexus and lymphoid aggregates.
We, therefore, investigated hepatic expression of MAdCAM-1 under inflammatory conditions using immunofluorescence staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Without ConA injection, we were unable to detect MAdCAM-1 expression in livers of WT mice (Figure 4A and B). However, 8 hours and 20 hours after ConA injection, positive MAdCAM-1 staining was visible on vascular and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The vascular endothelial nature of MAdCAM-1–positive structures was confirmed by dual immunofluorescence staining with anti-MAdCAM-1 and anti-CD146 antibodies. No staining was detectable in ConA-treated MAdCAM-1–deficient mice (Figure 4B). In addition, we detected significantly increased Madcam-1 mRNA levels in liver tissue homogenates of WT mice 8 and 20 hours after ConA challenge (Figure 4A).
Figure 4MAdCAM-1 expression is induced upon ConA treatment. (A) Levels of Madcam-1 mRNA in liver tissue from WT mice at 0, 8, and 20 hours post ConA injection. Control (n = 5), 8 hours post-ConA (n = 7), 20 hours post-ConA (n = 7). mRNA levels are expressed as fold increase over the mean value obtained for healthy control liver tissue. (A) Data represent median with interquartile range and are representative of 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test (∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01). Statistical significance of deviation from healthy control animals for each mouse strain is shown as green asterisks above each group. (B) Cryostat sections of livers from the indicated mouse strains 8 or 20 hours after ConA administration or without were stained with anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody (green) and DAPI (blue) for visualization of nuclei. In addition, the central section on the right side was stained with anti-CD146 (red). Representative photomicrographs at original magnification ×40. Scale bar = 100 μm.
MAdCAM-1 or β7 Integrin Deficiency Reduces the Production of Proinflammatory Mediators
Subsequently, we investigated whether the observed attenuation of acute ConA-induced hepatitis was also reflected in changes in expression levels of cytokines and proinflammatory mediators in liver tissue homogenates. Between groups of untreated mice, none of the genes analyzed exhibited any obvious difference in levels of expression, indicating that no intrinsic leukocyte activation per se was caused by the loss of either MAdCAM-1 or β7 integrin (Figure 5A, comparison of Δct values in homeostasis). In contrast, 8 hours following ConA administration, all mice showed a significant enhancement in hepatic mRNA levels for Tnf-α and Ifn-γ, the cytokines known to mediate ConA-induced liver damage. Moreover, Il-2, granzyme B, Mcp-1, and Mip-1-α,(Figure 5B) and Il-4, Il-6, perforin, eotaxin, and iNos (Figure 5C) were all significantly elevated in the ConA-treated mouse strains. Most importantly, β7 integrin–deficient and MAdCAM-1–deficient mice exhibited a significantly reduced expression of the T cell–derived cytokines Ifn-γ and Il-2 when compared with WT mice. In addition, MAdCAM-1–deficient mice showed a trend toward reduced expression of Tnf-α. Moreover, hepatic mRNA expression of the chemokines Mip-1α and Mcp-1 was reduced in β7 integrin–deficient and MAdCAM-1–deficient mice. In addition, livers from mutant mice displayed a significant reduction in the expression of granzyme b, which is mainly derived from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells (Figure 5B). By contrast, there were no significant differences in the ConA-induced enhancement of Il-4, Il-6, iNos, perforin, eotaxin, and Tgf-β expression between WT and mutant mice (Figure 5C). In agreement with previous reports, expression levels of most inflammatory mediators had declined at 20 hours post-ConA injection, and differences between the different mouse strains were no longer significant (data not shown).
Figure 5MAdCAM-1– or β7 integrin deficiency results in decreased production of ConA-induced proinflammatory mediators. Analysis of the mRNA of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in liver tissue from WT, β7 integrin Δ/Δ, and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice by RT-PCR. Black bars represent data from WT, white bars from β7 integrin Δ/Δ, and gray bars from MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice: Arg (arginase), Fizz1 (found in inflammatory zone 1), Cd38 (cluster of differentiation 38), (Ifn (interferon), Il (interleukin), Mcp-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), Mip-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α), iNos (inducible nitric oxide reductase), Pparg (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), Tgf-β (tumor growth factor-β), Tnf-α (tumor necrosis factor-α). (A) Analysis in homeostasis. For quantification, values are expressed as delta (Δ) ct values between the genes of interest and the housekeeping gene Gapdh (n = 4–9). Data represent mean ± SD. The statistical significance of variance between different genotypes was calculated by Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test (∗P < .05). (B, C) Analysis 8 hours after ConA injection. For quantification, values are expressed as fold increase over the mean values obtained for control liver tissue from the respective untreated mouse strain. WT mice (n = 12), β7 integrin Δ/Δ mice (n = 10–11), MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice (n = 8–10). Data represent (B) mean ± SD and (C) mean ± SEM and are representative of 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance in panel B was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test and in panel C by 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison posttest. Statistical significance of deviation from healthy control mice for each mouse strain is shown as green asterisks above each group and was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test (∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001, ∗∗∗∗P < .0001).
ConA-Mediated T Cell Accumulation and Activation in the Liver Is Not Disturbed in MAdCAM-1– and β7 Integrin–Deficient Mice
In order to establish whether the reduced inflammatory response following ConA injury can be explained by reduced recruitment of lymphocytes to the liver, we investigated the effects of a lack of β7 integrin or MAdCAM-1 on the composition of the immune cell population in the liver. Under steady state conditions, as evidenced by staining for the pan-leukocyte marker CD45 and quantification by flow cytometric analysis (gating strategy depicted in Figure 6), we detected a moderate increase in liver leukocyte numbers caused by MAdCAM-1 deficiency (MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ: 0.8 ± 0.0 × 106 cells/g liver; WT: 0.45 ± 0.2 × 106 cells/g liver; P < .05), whereas liver leukocyte numbers from WT and β7 integrin–deficient mice were comparable. Detailed analysis of major liver leukocyte groups, including lymphocytes, DCs, KCs, monocyte/macrophages, and M1/M2 macrophage subsets did not reveal any striking alterations in frequencies or polarization, caused by the adhesion molecule deficiency (Figure 7A–C).
Figure 6Immune cell subset gating strategies for liver cells by multiparameter flow cytometry. (A) General gating of liver cells. The analysis included B cells (CD45+CD3-CD19+), CD4+ T cells (CD45+CD3+CD4+), CD8+ T cells (CD45+CD3+CD8+), NKT cells (CD45+CD3+NK1.1+), monocytes/macrophages (Mo-MF) (CD45+CD11b+Ly6G-F4/80±), neutrophils (CD45+CD11b+Ly6G+), KCs (CD45+CD11b-Ly6G-F4/80+), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) (CD45+CD3-CD19-CD11c+PDCA1+), and conventional DCs (cDCs) (CD45+CD3-CD11c+CD11b+). (B) M1/M2 differentiation. The analysis included M1 macrophages (CD45+CD11b+F4/80+CD11c+) and M2 macrophages (CD45+CD11b+F4/80+CD206+).
Figure 7Comparative liver analysis of WT, β7 integrin Δ/Δ, and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice in homeostasis and following ConA treatment. (A–C) Total leukocytes were isolated from livers of WT (black bars), β7 integrin Δ/Δ (white bars), and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ (gray bars) mice in homeostasis, or (D, E) also 8 hours after ConA injection, followed by flow cytometric quantification of leukocytes. Representative FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) dot plots illustrating the gating strategy are shown in Figure 6. B cells (CD45+CD3-CD19+), CD4+ T cells (CD45+CD3+CD4+), CD8+ T cells (CD45+CD3+CD8+), NKT cells (CD45+CD3+NK1.1+), Mo-MF (CD45+CD11b+Ly6G-F4/80+), neutrophils (CD45+CD11b+Ly6G+), KCs (CD45+CD11b- Ly6G-F4/80+), pDCs (CD45+CD3-CD19-CD11c+PDCA1+), cDCs (CD45+CD3-CD11c+CD11b+), macrophages (CD45+CD11b+F4/80+), M1 macrophages (CD45+CD11b+F4/80+CD11c+), and M2 macrophages (CD45+CD11b+F4/80+CD206+). Cells are shown as percent of CD45+ cells or percent of CD45+CD11b+F4/80+ cells as indicated. Data represent (A–C) mean ± SD and (D, E) mean ± SEM and are representative of (C) 2 or (A, B, D, E) 3 independent experiments. Representative overlay histograms at the right side of panel C show that there is no difference in CD11c and CD206 staining intensity on CD11b+F4/80+ liver macrophages from WT, β7 integrin Δ/Δ, and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice. Statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test and is indicated by the following symbols: ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001. (A, B) WT, n = 10; β7 integrin Δ/Δ, n = 10; MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ, n = 10. (C) WT, n = 3; β7 integrin Δ/Δ, n = 3; MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ, n = 3. (D) WT, n = 9–13; β7 integrin Δ/Δ, n = 6–11; MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ, n = 7–10. (E) WT, n = 9–13; β7 integrin Δ/Δ, n = 5–11; MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ, n = 5–10.
Unfortunately, the preparation of liver cells from diseased mice is challenging in this model and the results very variable. The more the liver is affected and clotting occurs, the more difficult it becomes to flush the livers, resulting in lower cell numbers, especially in WT mice with the worst disease outcome. We therefore decided that a comparison of cellular frequencies would be the most objective measure. WT as well as β7 integrin– and MAdCAM-1–deficient mice showed ConA-induced immune cell accumulation in the liver, but there was no significant difference in frequencies of intrahepatic leukocytes in the ConA-treated mice strains. Furthermore, the proportions of the different liver leukocyte subpopulations were comparable (Figure 7D and E).
ConA is a T cell mitogen that induces polyclonal T cell activation. Eight hours following ConA induction, all mice strains exhibited similar increases in the percentage of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as demonstrated by positive staining for the activation marker CD69, whereas the frequency of activated NK cells remained unchanged (Figure 8A).
Figure 8MAdCAM-1– and β7 integrin–deficient mice display similar levels of ConA-mediated T cell activation. Eight hours after ConA treatment, total leukocytes were isolated from livers and analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative FACS dot plots illustrating the gating strategy are shown in Figure 6. Data represent (A) mean ± SEM and (C) mean ± SD and are representative of 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test (∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .001, ∗∗∗P < .001). (A) Percentages of activated CD4+T (CD45+CD3+CD4+CD69+), CD8+T (CD45+CD3+CD4+CD69+), and NKT (CD45+CD3+NK1.1+CD69+) cells were quantified. WT (black bars, n = 7–9), β7 integrin Δ/Δ (white bars, n = 5–7), and MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice (gray bars, n = 5–7). (B, C) ConA-mediated shift in the percentage of β7 integrin–positive cells in WT mice: (B) as percent of the maximal cell count for the indicated cells populations and (C) as percent of cells expressing β7 integrin within the indicated cell populations. Untreated WT (n = 5) ConA-treated WT (n = 10).
We have also tested the different leukocyte subpopulations from the liver of WT mice for the expression of β7 integrin. In homeostasis, only 15% of the CD4+ T cells express β7 integrin, whereas this adhesion molecule is expressed on about 20% of NKT cells and on more than 50% of CD8+ T cells (Figure 8B and C). Interestingly, ConA challenge causes a shift in the percentage of β7 integrin–expressing cells with a decrease among the CD4+ T cells, whereas the percentage of β7 integrin–expressing cells among the CD8+ T cells and NKT cells is increased. Considering the percentage of β7 integrin–positive cells among activated CD69+ cells, this shift is even more pronounced, with a ConA-induced increase from 30% to 70% among the CD69+CD8+ T cells and from 15% to 30% among the CD69+NKT cells (Figure 9A and B). Regarding the other immune cells, ConA treatment did not cause any significant increase in β7 integrin expression on monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, plasmacytoid DCs, and conventional DCs, whereas on B cells the expression was downregulated to a certain degree. Only for KCs did we detect a small but significant increase (Figure 9C).
Figure 9ConA-mediated shift in the percentage of β7 integrin–positive cell populations in livers of WT mice. Eight hours after ConA treatment, total leukocytes were isolated from livers and analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative FACS dot plots illustrating the gating strategy are shown in Figure 6. Data represent mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test (∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .001, ∗∗∗P < .001). (A) ConA-mediated shift in the percentage of β7 integrin–positive cells in WT mice as percent of activated CD69+ cells expressing β7 integrin within the CD4+T (CD45+CD3+CD4+CD69+), CD8+T (CD45+CD3+CD4+CD69+), and NKT (CD45+CD3+NK1.1+CD69+) cells. Untreated WT (n = 5) ConA-treated WT (n = 10). (B) Representative histograms illustrating percent of the maximal cell count for activated CD69+ CD4+ T cells, CD69+ CD8+ T cells, and CD69+ NKT cells for the different mouse mutants as indicated. (C) ConA-mediated shift in the percentage of β7 integrin–positive cells in WT mice as percent of cells expressing β7 integrin within the indicated cell populations. Untreated WT (n = 4), ConA-treated WT (n = 6).
Expression of β7 Integrin on Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells Contributes to ConA-Mediated Liver Damage and Is Crucial for ConA-Induced MAdCAM-1 Expression
In addition to CD4+ T cells, which have been described as the main effector cells driving ConA-induced hepatitis, CD8+ T cells, NKT cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and KCs seem to be involved in ConA-mediated liver damage.
The observed ConA-induced increase in the percentage of β7 integrin–expressing activated CD8+ T cells and NK cells suggests that these cells contribute to the destructive process. To address this question, we used RAG-2–deficient mice, which lack mature T and B cells, to study the impact of different subsets of lymphocytes on ConA-mediated liver damage by means of cell transfer experiments (Figure 10A). To this end, we isolated lymphocytes, or a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, or CD8+ T cells only, from lymph nodes of WT or β7 integrin–deficient mice. These cells were then intravenously transferred into RAG-2 deficient, RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient, or RAG-2/MAdCAM-1 double-deficient recipient mice, 10 days prior to ConA injection. Animals without a functional T lymphocyte compartment are not susceptible to ConA, as T cell activation is a crucial factor in this model of liver damage.
As expected, without cell transfer, none of the RAG-2–deficient or double-deficient mice developed liver damage, as demonstrated by TUNEL staining 6 hours after ConA injection. In contrast, a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells was detected in the livers of all RAG-2–deficient recipients and all RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient recipients of WT lymphocytes or WT CD4+/CD8+ T cell mixtures, though the extent of this increase varied. Interestingly, RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient recipients of β7 integrin–deficient lymphocytes or β7 integrin–deficient CD4+/CD8+ T cell mixtures, and RAG-2/MAdCAM-1 double-deficient recipients of WT lymphocytes were protected from apoptosis (Figure 10B). Reconstitution of RAG-2–deficient mice with WT lymphocytes or WT CD4+/CD8+ T cell mixtures led to significantly higher numbers of apoptotic cells compared with reconstitution of these mice with β7 integrin–deficient lymphocytes or β7 integrin–deficient CD4+/CD8+ T cell mixtures, respectively, pointing to the importance of lymphocytic β7 integrin in the destructive process. Remarkably, reconstitution of RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient mice with WT lymphocytes or WT CD4+/CD8+ T cell mixtures, resulted in less apoptosis than reconstitution of RAG-2 mice with the respective cells sets, indicating a contribution of β7 integrin–expressing innate immune cells to the destructive process. Exclusive transfer of WT or β7 integrin–deficient CD8+ T cells into RAG-2–deficient mice caused only a small increase in apoptosis with no difference in genotype between the transferred cells, thus pointing to the minor contribution of CD8+ T cells in this model, which is independent of β7 integrin. In addition, independent of the genotype of the transferred cells, we noticed a gradual decrease in liver damage when transferring whole lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ T cell mixtures, or CD8+ T cells only, suggesting a potential contribution of further cell types such as B cells or NKT cells (Figure 10C).
Figure 10Expression of β7 integrin on adaptive and innate immune cells contributes to ConA-mediated liver damage. (A) Experimental outline: RAG-2–deficient (RAG-2Δ/Δ), RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient (RAG-2Δ/Δ β7Δ/Δ), and RAG-2/MAdCAM-1 double-deficient (RAG-2Δ/Δ MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ) mice were adoptively transferred with WT or β7Δ/Δ cell subsets (lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or no cells) and after 10 days subjected to ConA by intravenous tail injection. Six hours later, liver specimens were sampled and analyzed. Black symbols represent RAG-2Δ/Δ, blue symbols represent RAG-2Δ/Δ β7Δ/Δ, and red symbols represent RAG-2Δ/Δ MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ recipient mice. Data are represented as median with interquartile range and statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test. Statistical significance of deviation from ConA-treated control mice (without cell transfer) for each mouse strain is shown as green asterisks above each group. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001, ∗∗∗∗P < .0001. (B) Quantification of apoptotic cells as detected by TUNEL assay in liver sections (n ≥ 6 mice per group); direct comparison of the indicated recipients. (C) Quantification of apoptotic cells as detected by TUNEL assay in liver sections (n ≥ 6 mice per group); direct comparison of the indicated donor cell populations.
and was much less prominent in the livers of MAdCAM-1– or in β7 integrin–deficient mice. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of the different lymphocyte subsets on ConA-mediated liver damage by quantifying the area of cell clotting on the liver sections. Here, our results broadly mirror the findings of the TUNEL evaluation, with no ConA-induced clotting in mice without cell transfer and significantly reduced clotting after cell transfer in RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient mice and RAG-2/MAdCAM-1 double-deficient mice when compared with RAG-2–deficient mice. This suggests that β7 integrin–expressing innate immune cells contribute to cell clotting (Figure 11A). In addition, we observed a gradual decrease in clotting when transferring whole lymphocytes or CD4+/CD8+ T cell mixtures (Figure 11B). In contrast, no clotting was observed upon transfer of CD8+ T cells only and we did not detect any difference in clotting based on the genotype of the cell type transferred (WT or β7Δ/Δ), which suggests that clotting in this experimental system is independent of CD8+ T cells and the expression of β7 integrin on lymphocytes.
Figure 11Expression of β7 integrin on adaptive and innate immune cells contributes to ConA-mediated clotting and is crucial for ConA-induced MAdCAM-1 expression. RAG-2–deficient (RAG-2Δ/Δ), RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient (RAG-2Δ/Δ β7Δ/Δ), and RAG-2/MAdCAM-1 double-deficient (RAG-2Δ/Δ MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ) mice were adoptively transferred with WT or β7Δ/Δ cell subsets (lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or no cells) and after 10 days subjected to ConA by intravenous tail injection. Six hours later, liver specimens were sampled and analyzed. Black symbols represent RAG-2Δ/Δ, blue symbols represent RAG-2Δ/Δ β7Δ/Δ, and red symbols represent RAG-2Δ/Δ MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ recipient mice. Data are represented as median with interquartile range and statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test. Statistical significance of deviation from ConA-treated control mice (without cell transfer) for each mouse strain is shown as green asterisks above each group. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001, ∗∗∗∗P < .0001. (A) Quantification of clotting in H&E-stained liver sections shown as percentage of the section area (n ≥ 6 mice per group); direct comparison of the indicated recipients. (B) Quantification of clotting in H&E-stained liver sections shown as percentage of the section area (n ≥ 6 mice per group); direct comparison of the indicated donor cell populations. (C) mRNA levels of Madcam-1 in liver tissue. Values are expressed as fold increase over the mean value obtained for the different ConA-treated recipient mice without cell transfer (n ≥ 6 per group). (D) Cryostat sections of livers from ConA-treated RAG-1Δ/Δ or RAG-2Δ/Δβ7Δ/Δ mice, which had been adoptively transferred with WT or β7Δ/Δ lymphocytes as indicated, were stained with anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody (green), anti-CD146 antibody (red), and DAPI (blue) for visualization of nuclei. MAdCAM-1/CD146 double-staining in sinusoids is marked by white arrowheads. Representative photomicrographs at original magnification ×40. Scale bar = 100 μm.
Moreover, we analyzed the expression of Madcam-1 mRNA in liver tissue homogenates of RAG-2–deficient mice to which ConA-treated lymphocytes had been transferred and similarly treated RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient mice or RAG-2/MAdCAM-1 double-deficient mice. In addition, we performed immunofluorescence stainings on liver sections of the respective mice. Interestingly, neither nontreated RAG-2–deficient mice, nor RAG-2–deficient mice that had received β7 integrin–deficient lymphocytes or RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient mice that had received WT lymphocytes exhibited an elevated Madcam-1 mRNA level. Only after WT lymphocyte transfer did RAG-2–deficient mice show increased Madcam-1 mRNA and positive staining for MAdCAM-1, suggesting that β7 integrin expression on innate and adaptive immune cells is crucial for the induction of MAdCAM-1 (Figure 11C and D).
Lymphocyte Adhesion to Liver Sinusoid Endothelium Depends on MAdCAM-1
To assess the effect of a disrupted β7 integrin/MAdCAM-1 interaction on leukocyte migratory behavior during the pathogenesis of ConA-mediated liver damage, we performed intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy in livers of MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ/CX3CR1+/eGFP mice and CX3CR1+/eGFP control mice.
CX3CR1+/eGFP mice were utilized as recipients, since in these mice circulating monocytes and liver resident DCs are made visible by GFP expression. Mice were intravenously injected with whole lymphocyte suspensions, as these had previously resulted in the most prominent liver damage on ConA administration. Lymphocyte suspensions were isolated from DsRed mice
and contained at least 70% T cells, as confirmed by flow cytometry (Figure 12A). They exhibited red fluorescence, allowing us to visualize monocytes (GFP+) and lymphocytes (DsRed+) in the liver in vivo and to distinguish between motile and stationary cells. Livers were first imaged under baseline conditions to exclude preparation-dependent artifacts in blood flow and cell migration (not shown). ConA was then administered by intracardiac injection, and cellular migration was monitored over a time period of around 2 hours.
Figure 12Cellular adhesion of lymphocytes in liver sinusoids is reduced in ConA-treated MAdCAM-1–deficient mice. Intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy following adoptive transfer of DsRed stained CD45+ cells and ConA injection. (A) Flow cytometric analysis of donor lymphocytes from DsRed mice. Lymphocyte preparations were controlled by staining a sample of these cells with an antibody cocktail containing anti-CD45, anti-CD19, and anti-CD3. The figure shows a representative FACS plot (left side) and the quantification of T cells (CD3+) and B cells (CD19+) (right side), accounting for 95% of the isolated CD45+ cells. (B–I) Cells were tracked over a time period of up to 2 hours and up to 3 independent view fields were recorded per animal. Fluorescent cells were detected by automated spot detection. Migration paths and speed of cells were tracked over time in (B) WT (CX3CR1+/eGFP) and (C) MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ (MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ/ CX3CR1+/eGFP) mice. Fast movement is shown as pink tracks; slow movement is shown as turquoise tracks. Arrows indicate tracks. (D, E) Tracks derived from 2-photon laser scanning microscopy imaging shown in panels B and C were plotted using a common origin to depict overall motility of the cells. (F) Speed of individual spots and average track speed were analyzed statistically. Results shown are derived from 1 representative animal, calculating migration tracks from at least 3 independent view fields. Spots represent individual cells or tracks. (G) Cellular displacement from the point of origin and total track length were assessed to determine site-specific arrest of cells. (H) Statistical assessment of static cells with a track displacement of less than 5 μm. All experiments were performed in groups of 3 animals. Data represent mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired t test (∗P < .05; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001). (I) Representative screenshots from 2-photon laser scanning microscopy movies of CX3CR1+/eGFP control and MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ/CX3CR1+/eGFP recipient mice, demonstrating that accumulation of DsRed-labeled cells is seen in periportal rather than pericentral areas, independent of the genotype. Scale bar = 50 μM. Donor lymphocytes are seen in red, CX3CR1-positive cells in green.
Administration of ConA leads to a rapid loss of cellular motility within the first 30 minutes following injection, causing an almost complete arrest of the lymphocytes within the liver sinusoids of CX3CR1+/eGFP control mice. By contrast, DsRed+ lymphocytes injected into MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ/CX3CR1+/eGFP mice exhibited increased motility compared with DsRed+ lymphocytes injected into CX3CR1+/eGFP control animals. Notably, this was manifested in an increased displacement and track length, an increased individual cell speed, and average track speed as well as a decreased number of static cells (Figure 12B–H and Supplementary Videos 1 and 2). Accumulation of DsRed-labeled cells, independent of the genotype of the recipient mice, was found in periportal rather than pericentral areas (representative images are depicted in Figure 12I). However, in line with the overall image analysis, cells were trapped in place more efficiently in CX3CR1+/eGFP control animals than in MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ/CX3CR1+/eGFP mice. Collectively, these data provide evidence that ConA induces MAdCAM-1–dependent interactions between lymphocytes and endothelial liver cells.
Discussion
Integrin-mediated leukocyte recruitment has been shown to contribute to diseases as diverse as multiple sclerosis and IBD. Besides, clinical trials have demonstrated that immunoneutralizing α4 integrin with natalizumab or α4β7 integrin with vedolizumab significantly improves multiple sclerosis or IBD, respectively.
We set up experiments to elucidate the role of the leukocyte adhesion molecule β7 integrin and its endothelial ligand MAdCAM-1 in acute immune-mediated liver inflammation.
Hepatic injury in the well-established ConA-induced hepatitis model is associated with leukocyte infiltration and CD4+ T cells and NKT cells, in particular, have been identified as effector cells in this model of hepatitis. MAdCAM-1– and β7 integrin–deficient mice were markedly protected from ConA-induced liver injuries. They exhibited decreased levels of liver aminotransferases and diminished liver necrosis and apoptosis. The formation of hemorrhagic lesions was also significantly reduced. Moreover, we detected a reduced expression of proinflammatory mediators such as Ifn-γ, Il-2, Mip-1α, and Tnf-α and of T cell effector molecules such as granzyme B in liver tissue of ConA-treated mutant mice. As neutralization of Tnf-α or Ifn-γ protects mice from ConA-induced hepatitis,
these 2 cytokines are regarded as essential for the development of ConA hepatitis. Interestingly, we could not identify any differences in the ConA-induced overall accumulation of leukocytes and of T cell activation between livers of WT and β7 integrin–deficient or MAdCAM-1–deficient mice, Of course, our analysis is not detailed enough to reveal potential differences in specific T cell subsets (eg, regulatory T cells), which might not affect total T ell numbers. In addition, the damage to the liver in this model develops extremely fast, within hours, and may at this early stage not be critically dependent on immune cell infiltration of the liver parenchyma.
To our knowledge, we are the first to have shown, by in vivo 2-photon microscopy, an increase in the firm adhesion of lymphocytes in the liver sinusoids of WT mice within 30 minutes of ConA administration, and a marked reduction of this lymphocyte binding in the liver tissue of MAdCAM-1–deficient mice. Therefore, most probably, MAdCAM-1–dependent interactions between lymphocytes and endothelial liver cells are critically involved in ConA-induced hepatitis, as evidenced by the amelioration of the hepatitis upon inhibition of MAdCAM-1. β7 integrin expression was clearly detectable on a population of T cells and NKT cells in the liver of untreated mice. This most likely contributes to the increased firm adhesion of lymphocytes observed in the liver of WT mice within the first 30 minutes following ConA administration. The firm adhesion of lymphocytes to sinusoidal epithelium occurring 30 minutes after ConA administration is too fast to be explained by newly synthesized MAdCAM-1 molecules in WT mice. One possible scenario is that the ConA-induced inflammatory signaling causes a structural change or redistribution of already existing MAdCAM-1 molecules onto the cell surface, thereby leading to a functional conformation that allows lymphocyte-integrin recognition and binding. Such cell surface redistribution of MAdCAM-1 protein has already been demonstrated in vitro after stimulation of human hepatic endothelial cells with tumor necrosis factor α and methylamine.
ConA administration induces prominent intrasinusoidal clotting. The consequence is a marked deceleration of intrahepatic blood flow and elevation of portal perfusion pressure, followed by confluent hepatic necrosis within the congested area of liver parenchyma.
and in MAdCAM-1– and β7 integrin–deficient mice ConA-induced hemostasis was much less pronounced. Moreover, these mice exhibited a reduction in the hepatic mRNA expression of Tf and Pai-1, factors initiating blood coagulation and inhibiting fibrinolysis, respectively. Expression of both factors is accomplished to some extent by leukocytes and endothelial cells, and both factors have been implicated in the promotion of hepatitis through induction of fibrin accumulation.
In correspondence to the reduced clotting, we detected significantly diminished numbers of platelets in the livers of both mouse mutants. Previous studies have demonstrated a link between the intrahepatic activation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and platelet aggregation,
which probably contributes to the hemostatic effects observed following ConA-mediated lymphocyte activation. Interestingly, RAG-2–deficient recipient mice of β7 integrin–deficient lymphocytes developed less ConA-induced liver damage than RAG-2–deficient recipient mice of WT lymphocytes. Moreover, RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient recipient mice of WT lymphocytes developed less ConA-induced liver damage and intrasinusoidal clotting than similarly substituted RAG-2–deficient mice. These data point not only to the importance of lymphocytic β7 integrin for the destructive process but also to a contribution of β7 integrin–expressing innate immune cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells, which have been shown to promote ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis.
In addition, activated KCs, on which we observed an upregulation of β7 integrin, have been reported to contribute to ConA-induced hepatitis through a Th1 type–dependent pathway.
Production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α, could well contribute to the inflammatory process by upregulating the expression of sinusoidal MAdCAM-1.
The fact that RAG-2–deficient mice receiving CD8+ T cells developed only very reduced liver damage, irrespective of the genotype of the cells transferred, suggests either that CD8+ T cells require an interaction with CD4+ T cells to exert a synergistic effect, or that β7 integrin–expressing CD8+ T cells are of no importance in this experimental model.
One possible mechanism underlying the role of MAdCAM-1 in ConA-mediated hepatitis could therefore be that T cells adhering to the microvascular bed via MAdCAM-1/β7 integrin interactions may create an inflammatory environment within the sinusoids to which platelets can bind and aggregate and thus impair sinusoidal liver perfusion. In addition, MAdCAM-1–mediated endothelial interactions with lymphocytes such as α4β7 integrin–expressing NKT cells or CD4+ T cells, cell types that have been shown to contribute to the pathology of ConA-induced hepatitis,
will most likely cause an upregulation and accumulation of mediators that promote inflammation and exacerbate liver damage.
ConA-induced liver damage in WT mice was associated with increased hepatic MAdCAM-1 expression, a result that appears to contradict a report of Bonder et al,
in which the authors failed to detect MAdCAM-1 in murine liver after ConA administration. However, these authors used a lower concentration of ConA (13 mg/kg vs 20mg/kg in our study) for induction of hepatitis and chose an earlier time for analysis (4 h after ConA injection vs 8 h in our study). Moreover, to detect MAdCAM-1, we used a tissue staining method with an increased sensitivity over standard detection methods (tyramide signal amplification [TSA] from PerkinElmer [Waltham, MA]). Because a striking strain difference has been demonstrated in ConA-induced hepatitis,
a subtle difference of genetic background may also influence results.
Another interesting finding is that ConA-mediated MAdCAM-1 induction only took place when β7 integrin was expressed on lymphocytes and on innate immune cells, as shown by the lack of Madcam-1 upregulation in RAG-2–deficient mice after transfer of β7 integrin–deficient lymphocytes and in RAG-2/β7 integrin double-deficient mice after transfer of β7 integrin–deficient lymphocytes. The reduced MAdCAM-1 upregulation in these experimental settings correlated well with the comparably decreased liver damage. These results point to a contribution of β7 integrin when expressed on innate and adaptive immune cells toward induction of MAdCAM-1 in the liver, thereby promoting the inflammatory process.
Interestingly, immunoneutralization of α4 integrin by mAb, although inhibiting the recruitment of inflammatory T cells to the liver, increased the severity of ConA-induced hepatitis, which the authors attribute to a decreased immigration of myeloid suppressor cells.
α4 integrin forms heterodimers with either the β1 (α4β1) or the β7 (α4β7) integrin subunit, binding preferentially to VCAM-1 or MAdCAM-1, respectively. Since MAdCAM-1 as well as β7 integrin deficiency ameliorates ConA-induced hepatitis, it is tempting to speculate that α4β7 integrin deficiency provides protection from hepatitis by disturbing lymphocyte interactions with endothelial MAdCAM-1, while protection through recruitment of α4β1-VCAM-1 myeloid suppressor cells is still feasible. However, treatment with anti-VCAM-1 monoclonal antibody did not cause an exacerbation of ConA-induced hepatitis, and in one report was even shown to attenuate ConA-induced hepatitis,
Sublobular veins as the main site of lymphocyte adhesion/transmigration and adhesion molecule expression in the porto-sinusoidal-hepatic venous system during concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice.
These results hint at the involvement of additional disease promoting, VCAM-1–mediated processes, mediated by different VCAM-1 binding partners such as α4β7 integrin.
The fact that MAdCAM-1 deficiency ameliorates ConA-mediated hepatitis to an even greater extent than β7 integrin deficiency could mean that not only interactions of MAdCAM-1 and β7 integrin, but also interactions of MAdCAM-1 with additional receptors such as L-selectin may contribute to the inflammatory process. An involvement of L-selectin in ConA-mediated hepatitis, most probably mediated via CD4+ T cells, has already been established.
This promiscuity of receptor and ligand interactions adds complexity to our understanding of the physiologic roles of the respective adhesion molecules.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated that beyond their roles in promoting IBD and experimental NASH,
α4β7/MAdCAM-1 interactions also contribute to the pathogenesis of acute immune-driven hepatitis by facilitating lymphocyte and sinusoidal endothelial cell interaction and thereby promoting sinusoidal clotting and liver injury. Our study thus contributes to a better understanding of immune cell adhesion pathways associated with the pathogenesis of liver inflammation and points to MAdCAM-1 and α4β7 integrin as potential targets for specific antiadhesive drugs in immune-mediated hepatitis.
Materials and Methods
Ethical Statement
All experiments were approved by the local Institutional Animal Care and Research Advisory Committee and authorized by the regional government authorities for nature and environmental and consumer protection of North Rhine-Westphalia (LANUV [Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz] North Rhine-Westphalia), Recklinghausen, Germany (approval # 84-02.04.2013.A054). All experiments were performed in accordance with the German guidelines for animal housing and husbandry.
Mice
All experiments were performed with male, age-matched mice of C57BL/6 J background and similar weight using 10- to 12-week-old MAdCAM-1–deficient (MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ) mice (B6.129-Madcam1tm1.2Nwag),
mice, MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ /CX3CR1+/GFP mice, and age-matched C57BL/6 J (WT) mice. The CX3CR1+/GFP mice had GFP (green fluorescent protein) inserted into the CX3CR1 locus.
The animals were bred at RWTH Aachen University under specific pathogen-free conditions.
ConA Administration
ConA (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) was dissolved in sterile, pyrogen-free phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and intravenously injected once via the tail vein at a concentration of 20 mg/kg body weight.
Intravital 2-Photon Microscopy
Liver intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy was performed as described previously.
In brief, animals were initially anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine/xylazine (100 and 10 mg/kg), followed by tracheotomy and controlled respiration (2.5% isoflurane in 100% O2). The liver was exposed laparotomically and was monitored by video microscopy for a time period of up to 2 hours, imaging multiple view fields. Capillary blood flow was monitored by light microscopy at regular intervals of 30 minutes to rule out artefacts caused by breakdown of sinusoidal perfusion. Cellular motility was assessed by determining speed and displacement of Actin-DsRed+ lymphocytes. For tracking, 3 × 107 cells were adoptively transferred after the setting up of single-cell suspensions prepared from lymph nodes of Actin-DsRed mice.
Cells were then followed over the time course of the imaging. The time stamp within the images shows the time lapse for each sequence, the increment was usually around 30 seconds per full scan (xyz) and differed only slightly between experiments, and tracking was normalized to the actual time between images for calculation of speed parameters. Video sequence analysis and reconstruction were performed using IMARIS (7.7 and 8.3; Bitplane AG, Zürich, Switzerland) and Fiji software (version 1.48s; ImageJ, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).
Histological Evaluation, Apoptosis Determination, and Immunofluorescence Staining
Following fixation with 10% formalin/PBS, livers were embedded in paraffin; 4-μm paraffin sections were serially cut, mounted onto glass slides, deparaffinized, and stained with H&E. Blinded histological scoring for hepatic necrosis was assessed in each section as the percentage of liver parenchyma with necrotic change. Nine to 12 microscopic fields (magnification 10×) were taken from each section. The total hepatic parenchymal area and the necrotic area were estimated by means of a size marker using ImageJ software (version 1.50; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD),
and the extent of necrosis as a percentage of the total area was calculated for each experimental group. Clotting was quantified by color deconvolution of H&E-stained samples followed by threshold setting. The total area of each sample was then determined by encircling the section area, and the percentage of clotting of the total area was measured by ImageJ software (version 1.52p).
Apoptosis was evaluated on frozen sections by TUNEL assay using an in situ cell death detection kit (Fluorescein; Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Ten images (magnification 10×) were randomly obtained from each liver section. TUNEL-positive cells were counted (using ImageJ, version 1.50),
and the average number of TUNEL-positive cells for each section together with the mean value for each experimental group was established.
For immunofluorescence staining for MAdCAM-1, acetone-fixed cryostat sections of the liver were quenched with 0.3% H2O2 in PBS and blocked with 2% goat serum and 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in TBST++ (0.1 M Tris, pH 7.5, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM CaCl2). Sections were then incubated overnight with purified rat anti-mouse MAdCAM-1 (BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany) diluted in 2% BSA in TBST++. Subsequently, sections were incubated with anti-rat IgG horseradish peroxidase–linked antibody (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). For TSA, sections were incubated in TSA Plus working solution (TSA Plus Fluorescein Kit; PerkinElmer). In case of double stainings, sections were incubated with anti-CD146 (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Immunofluorescence staining of acetone-fixed cryostat sections of the liver without using TSA, sections were quenched with 50-mM NH4Cl in TBST++ and blocked with 5% BSA in TBST++. Sections were incubated with the following antibodies: purified rabbit anti-mouse PAI-1 (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom), biotinylated anti-Tissue Factor (LSBio, Seattle, WA) or purified rat anti-mouse CD41 (BD Biosciences), and purified mouse anti-β-Catenin (BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany) or APC coupled anti-mouse CD146 (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) in 2% BSA in TBST++. Subsequently, the sections were incubated with the respective secondary antibody: AF488 goat anti-rabbit (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), APC Streptavidin (BD Biosciences), Cy3 mouse anti-rat, or FITC anti-mouse (both from Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2% BSA in TBST++. Tissue samples were finally counterstained with DAPI and mounted with Fluoromount-G (SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, AL).
Images were acquired using an Axioplan2 fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Oberkochen, Germany) and VisiView software (2.0.3) (Visitron Systems, Puchheim, Germany). Area covered by the respective stain was quantified automatically using FIJI ImageJ software version 1.50.
Mononuclear liver cells were stained directly using combinations of the following monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD3, anti-CD8a, anti-CD19, anti-CD11b, anti-CD11c, anti-CD69, anti-CD161, anti-CD317, anti-F4/80, anti-Ly6G, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD11b, anti-CD45, and anti-CD206, listed in Table 1. Cells were measured on a FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) Canto-II cytometer (BD Biosciences). Data were analyzed by FlowJo 8.7.3 and 10.2 software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR).
Table 1Antibodies Used for FACS Analysis
Antibody
Clone
Manufacturer
CD3
145-2C11
eBioscience, San Diego, CA
CD4
GK1.5
BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
CD8
53-6.7
eBioscience, San Diego, CA; BioLegend, San Diego CA; BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
CD11b
M1/70
BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany; eBioscience, San Diego, CA
Cells for lymphocyte transfer were obtained from peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes. Single cell suspensions were obtained by mechanically mincing through a 100-μm cell strainer. A total of 7.65 × 106 lymphocytes from β7 integrin–deficient (β7 Δ/Δ) mice (C57BL/6-Itgbtm1Cgn/J)
or WT mice (C57BL/6J) mice were intravenously transferred to RAG-2–deficient (RAG-2 Δ/Δ) mice (RAG-2tm/J), RAG-2 Δ/Δ-β7 Δ/Δ double-deficient mice or RAG-2 Δ/Δ- MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice.
Cells for CD4+ and CD8+ T transfer were isolated from spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and peripheral lymph nodes. by magnetic cell separation (MACS; Miltenyi Biotec) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Briefly, single-cell suspensions from lymph nodes and spleen were pooled, after erythrocyte lysis with lysis buffer (BD Pharmingen, San Jose, CA). CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified by MACS using biotinylated antibodies, followed by anti-biotin microbeads and separation via MACS columns according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Purity of the isolated cell fractions was controlled by flow cytometry and was consistently >92%. The cells were resuspended in an appropriate volume of sterile PBS and mixed allowing for 0.895 × 106 CD8+ and 1.450 × 106 CD4+ T cells or 1.79 × 106 CD8+ T cells per tail vein injection per mouse. T cell numbers for mixed transfer were based on back calculation of the T cell ratio in the whole lymphocyte population. For CD8+ T cell transfer, the number was doubled.
Quantification of Cytokines and Chemokines
Total RNA isolations from the liver and complementary DNA synthesis were performed as described previously.
RT-PCR was performed in duplicate in a total volume of 20 μL on a 7300 RT-PCR system with 7000 System SDS Software Version 1.2.3 (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany) using the quantitative PCR Master Mix for SYBR Green I (Eurogentec, Cologne, Germany). Primer sequences are listed in Table 2. β-actin was used as endogenous control for normalization. Expression levels of the target genes are displayed as values relative to the levels found in control animals (ie, untreated C57BL/6, β7 Δ/Δ, or MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ mice).
Table 2Oligonucleotides for Real-Time PCR Analysis
Gene
Sequence
β-actin
Sense 5′ → 3′
ACT ATT GGC AAC GAG CGG TTC
Antisense 3′ → 5′
TTA CGG ATG TCA ACG TCA CAC TTC
Ifn-γ
Sense 5′ → 3′
GAG GTC AAC AAC CCA CAG GTC
Antisense 3′ → 5′
CGA ATC AGC AGC GAC TCC T
Il-2
Sense 5′ → 3′
GAC CTG TGC GGC ATG TTC TG
Antisense 3′ → 5′
TCA TCG AAT TGG CAC TCA AAT G
IL-6
Sense 5′ → 3′
TGA GAT CTA CTC GGC AAA CCT AGT G
Antisense 3′ → 5′
CTT CGT AGA GAA CAA CAT AAG TCA GAT ACC
Mcp-1
Sense 5′ → 3′
AGA GCC AGA CGG GAG GAA G
Antisense 3′ → 5′
CCA GCC TAC TCA TTG GGA TC
Mip-1–α
Sense 5′ → 3′
TAC AAG CAG CAG CGA GTA CC
Antisense 3′ → 5′
TCA GGA AAA TGA CAC CTG GCT
Perforin
Sense 5′ → 3′
GAT GTG AAC CCT AGG CCA GA
Antisense 3′ → 5′
GGT TTT TGT ACC AGG CGA AA
Granzyme B
Sense 5′ → 3′
ATC CTG CTC TGA TTA CCC ATC GT
Antisense 3′ → 5′
ATG GAT ATG AAG CCA GTC TTT GC
Eotaxin
Sense 5′ → 3′
ATT GTG TTG TTT GTT TGC TTG C
Antisense 3′ → 5′
GTC AGC CTG GTC TAC ACA GTG A
Tgf-β
Sense 5′ → 3′
GGA CCC TGC CCC TAT ATT TGG
Antisense 3′ → 5′
TGT TGC AGG TCA TTT AAC CAA GTG
Tnf-α
Sense 5′ → 3′
AGA AAC ACA AGA TGC TGG GAC AGT
Antisense 3′ → 5′
CCT TTG CAG AAC TCA GGA ATG G
Madcam-1
Sense 5′ → 3′
GCA TGG TGA CCT GGC AGT GAA
Antisense 3′ → 5′
CAT GTC TCT CCT ATG ACG ACG G
iNos
Sense 5′ → 3′
GGG CAG CCT GTG AGA CCT T
Antisense 3′ → 5′
TGA AGC GTT TCG GGA TCT G
Il-4
Sense 5′ → 3′
AG GTC ACA GGA GAA GGG ACG CC
Antisense 3′ → 5′
CCC GAA GGT TCC ACG AAG CGT
Tf
Sense 5′ → 3′
TGT GCA CCG AGC AAT GGA A
Antisense 3′ → 5′
AGG TAT AGA GAC ACG TTC G
Pai-1
Sense 5′ → 3′
TGC TGA ACT CAT CAG ACA ATG GAA G
Antisense 3′ → 5′
AAT CAC GTT GGG ACC GGC T
Fizz
Sense 5′ → 3′
GGTCCCAGTGCATATGGATGAGACCATAGA
Antisense 3′ → 5′
CACCTCTTCACTCGAGGGACAGTTGGCAGC
Cd38
Sense 5′ → 3′
CACCAGGATCCCTCATGACT
Antisense 3′ → 5′
TCCTTCTCTGTCCGGATTACTG
Pparg
Sense 5′ → 3′
TGT CGG TTT CAG AAG TGC CTT G
Antisense 3′ → 5′
TTC AGC TGG TCG ATA TCA CTG GAG
Arg
Sense 5′ → 3′
CAGAAGAATGGAAGAGTCAG
Antisense 3′ → 5′
CAGATATGCAGGGAGTCACC
FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; IL, interleukin; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism software (version 5; GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, unless otherwise indicated. The specific statistical tests are indicated in the respective figure legends.
Access to Data
All authors had access to the study data and had reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kerstin Eßer for expert technical help. The authors thank the Core Facility Two-Photon Microscopy and the Core Facility Immunohistochemistry, Core Facilities of the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Aachen within the Faculty of Medicine at RWTH Aachen University for their support.
MAdCAM-1 deficiency reduces cellular adhesion of lymphocytes in liver sinusoids following concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver damage. Intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy was performed on mouse livers following adoptive transfer of 3 × 107 CD45+ cells isolated from lymph nodes of Actin-DsRed donor mice. Cells were intravenously injected directly before the surgery performed for 2-photon laser scanning microscopy imaging. A total of 20/mg/kg ConA was applied by intracardiac injection in a total volume of 100 μL, and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy imaging was commenced directly afterward. Owing to the transgenic green fluorescent protein expression, circulating monocytes and liver resident dendritic cells are visible in green, Actin-DsRed donor mice-derived T cells are in red, and collagen structures appear blue. Fast movement is shown as pink tracks; slow movement is shown asturquoise tracks. Cells were tracked over a time period of up to 2 hours. Movies show recordings of 1 representative view field of liver from a (M1) wild-type (CX3CR1+/eGFP) mouse and a (M2) MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ (MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ/ CX3CR1+/eGFP) mouse. Fluorescent cells were detected by automated spot detection using Imaris 8.3.
MAdCAM-1 deficiency reduces cellular adhesion of lymphocytes in liver sinusoids following concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver damage. Intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy was performed on mouse livers following adoptive transfer of 3 × 107 CD45+ cells isolated from lymph nodes of Actin-DsRed donor mice. Cells were intravenously injected directly before the surgery performed for 2-photon laser scanning microscopy imaging. A total of 20/mg/kg ConA was applied by intracardiac injection in a total volume of 100 μL, and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy imaging was commenced directly afterward. Owing to the transgenic green fluorescent protein expression, circulating monocytes and liver resident dendritic cells are visible in green, Actin-DsRed donor mice-derived T cells are in red, and collagen structures appear blue. Fast movement is shown as pink tracks; slow movement is shown asturquoise tracks. Cells were tracked over a time period of up to 2 hours. Movies show recordings of 1 representative view field of liver from a (M1) wild-type (CX3CR1+/eGFP) mouse and a (M2) MAdCAM-1Δ/Δ (MAdCAM-1 Δ/Δ/ CX3CR1+/eGFP) mouse. Fluorescent cells were detected by automated spot detection using Imaris 8.3.
References
Tiegs G.
Hentschel J.
Wendel A.
A T cell-dependent experimental liver injury in mice inducible by concanavalin A.
Sublobular veins as the main site of lymphocyte adhesion/transmigration and adhesion molecule expression in the porto-sinusoidal-hepatic venous system during concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice.
Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) expression is upregulated in the cirrhotic liver and immunolocalises to the peribiliary plexus and lymphoid aggregates.
Conflicts of Interest The authors disclose no conflicts.
Funding This research was supported by the START-Program of the Faculty of Medicine (141/15), RWTH Aachen; German Research Foundation grants SCHI 1170/2-1, TA 434/5-1, and WA.1127/4-1; the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Consortium Organ Crosstalk E8-8, and the German Research Foundation Project-ID 403324012 – SFB 1382.
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